novapsyche (![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png)
novapsyche) wrote2007-10-08 02:13 am
novapsyche) wrote2007-10-08 02:13 am
(no subject)
What happened between 1870 and 1920 that caused the shift of ideological alignment between the Republican and Democratic parties?
1870-1900--The Gilded Age : "A cycle of global capitalist expansion begun in the 1820s came to a halt in the 1870s and crashed in the 1890s. In 1873, the Credit Mobilier scandal and the collapse of Jay Cooke's Northern Pacific Railroad resulted in a recession from which the country only recovered four years later in 1877. In May 1893, the collapse of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad and of the National Cordage Company led to a stock market crash and a prolonged recession. Before the year was over, five hundred banks and sixteen thousand businesses had failed. At the height of the depression four million workers lost their jobs.
What had happened? New technologies of mass production and mass distribution had consistently driven down prices. Between 1873 and the late 1890s, commodity prices had dropped by 80 percent. At the same time, 'sound money' politics had kept the currency supply tight, putting the squeeze on workers and farmers especially.
[...] The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. This period overlaps with the nadir of American race relations, during which African Americans lost many of the civil rights obtained during the Reconstruction period. Increased racist violence, as well as exile of African Americans from the Southern states to the Midwest, started as soon as 1879."
1873--Credit Mobilier scandal and collapse of Northern Pacific Railroad. Panic of 1873.
1876--Tilden (D) wins popular election but the Compromise of 1877 gives Hayes (R) the presidency (the most controversial US presidential election until arguably that of 2000).
1877--Reconstruction ends. Panic of 1873 ends.
1884--Mugwumps (reform-minded Rs) defect to support Cleveland; become seeds for progressive Democrats of 1930s. Theodore Roosevelt supports Blaine, despite evidence of political corruption. ("Mugwump" survives as a political epithet for a decade.)
1890--Populist Party founded.
1893--Collapse of Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads. Panic of 1893.
1896--Tammany Hall opposes William Jennings Bryan; he subsequently loses the 1896 presidential election. McKinley wins by utilizing the political fundraising abilities of Mark Hanna, who tapped into big business. Plessy v. Ferguson decided.
1897--Panic of 1893 ends.
1901--McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz.
1912--Theodore Roosevelt (R) splits the party; Wilson (D) wins presidency.
1913--16th Amendment levies national income tax.
1915--Birth of a Nation grosses most sales of any film in history, adjusted for inflation (tickets sold for an unheard-of price of $2, which translates into $40/ticket in 2007 prices). Wilson shows the film in the White House and famously says that "it is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true."
1917--US enters World War I.
1918-19--US enters long period of isolationism.
1919--Race riot in Chicago.
1920--Prohibition engulfs the nation with the passage of the 18th Amendment. Women's suffrage culminates in the 19th Amendment. Harding wins US election, partially due to the influx of female voters. By this time, the ideological realignment is complete, where the GOP is the party of the monied, and Democrats are seen as populist/progressive. This remains the relative descriptors of the parties.
1870-1900--The Gilded Age : "A cycle of global capitalist expansion begun in the 1820s came to a halt in the 1870s and crashed in the 1890s. In 1873, the Credit Mobilier scandal and the collapse of Jay Cooke's Northern Pacific Railroad resulted in a recession from which the country only recovered four years later in 1877. In May 1893, the collapse of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad and of the National Cordage Company led to a stock market crash and a prolonged recession. Before the year was over, five hundred banks and sixteen thousand businesses had failed. At the height of the depression four million workers lost their jobs.
What had happened? New technologies of mass production and mass distribution had consistently driven down prices. Between 1873 and the late 1890s, commodity prices had dropped by 80 percent. At the same time, 'sound money' politics had kept the currency supply tight, putting the squeeze on workers and farmers especially.
[...] The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. This period overlaps with the nadir of American race relations, during which African Americans lost many of the civil rights obtained during the Reconstruction period. Increased racist violence, as well as exile of African Americans from the Southern states to the Midwest, started as soon as 1879."
1873--Credit Mobilier scandal and collapse of Northern Pacific Railroad. Panic of 1873.
1876--Tilden (D) wins popular election but the Compromise of 1877 gives Hayes (R) the presidency (the most controversial US presidential election until arguably that of 2000).
1877--Reconstruction ends. Panic of 1873 ends.
1884--Mugwumps (reform-minded Rs) defect to support Cleveland; become seeds for progressive Democrats of 1930s. Theodore Roosevelt supports Blaine, despite evidence of political corruption. ("Mugwump" survives as a political epithet for a decade.)
1890--Populist Party founded.
1893--Collapse of Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads. Panic of 1893.
1896--Tammany Hall opposes William Jennings Bryan; he subsequently loses the 1896 presidential election. McKinley wins by utilizing the political fundraising abilities of Mark Hanna, who tapped into big business. Plessy v. Ferguson decided.
1897--Panic of 1893 ends.
1901--McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz.
1912--Theodore Roosevelt (R) splits the party; Wilson (D) wins presidency.
1913--16th Amendment levies national income tax.
1915--Birth of a Nation grosses most sales of any film in history, adjusted for inflation (tickets sold for an unheard-of price of $2, which translates into $40/ticket in 2007 prices). Wilson shows the film in the White House and famously says that "it is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true."
1917--US enters World War I.
1918-19--US enters long period of isolationism.
1919--Race riot in Chicago.
1920--Prohibition engulfs the nation with the passage of the 18th Amendment. Women's suffrage culminates in the 19th Amendment. Harding wins US election, partially due to the influx of female voters. By this time, the ideological realignment is complete, where the GOP is the party of the monied, and Democrats are seen as populist/progressive. This remains the relative descriptors of the parties.